French forces on the Eastern Front had Soviet or German leadership. In August 1943, the forces under de Gaulle and under Giraud merged into a single chain of command under Allied leadership.
Germany sent two million French prisoners of war to forced labor camps in Germany. The Phoney War ensued until 1940, when the Germans invaded and overran northern France, forcing the British from the continent. To divert German forces from Poland, France invaded the Saarland region of Germany on 7 September 1939, but was forced to retreat. In 1944, after the Allies had landed in Normandy and the southern front moved from North Africa across the Mediterranean into Italy and Provence, these forces routed the German Army, and Vichy officials fled into Germany.įrance and Britain had both declared war on Germany two days after the invasion of Poland in September 1939. He eventually managed to enlist the support of some French African colonies and later succeeded in bringing together the disparate maquis, colonial regiments, legionnaires, expatriate fighters, and Communist snipers under the Free French Forces in the Allied chain of command. General Charles de Gaulle established a government in exile in London and competed with Vichy France to position himself as the legitimate French government, for control of the French overseas empire and receiving help from French allies.
The Germans occupied the north and west of French territory and a collaborationist régime under Philippe Pétain established itself in Vichy. In 1940, the German forces defeated the French in the Battle of France. From 1939 to 1940, the French Third Republic was at war with Nazi Germany.
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